"Eu não sei como eu tenho força pra vir na escola": manifestações e implicações do bullying entre adolescentes escolares / "I don't know how I have the strength to come to school:" manifestations and implications of bullying between school adolescents

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender, pelo uso do Photovoice, as representações de bullying presentes entre adolescentes escolares do ensino médio. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado com 54 adolescentes da rede pública de ensino do estado do Paraná, organizados em seis grupos focais. Os dados foram coletados mediante a técnica participativa Photovoice e submetidos à análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Da análise dos dados emergiram três categorias: "Bullying estético, homofóbico e de gênero: estratégias subversivas", "Os efeitos danosos do bullying" e "O diálogo interdisciplinar como estratégia de prevenção e combate ao bullying". Com os resultados, foi possível evidenciar que a prática do bullying acontece a partir das dissonâncias entre agressores e vítimas, com insultos à condição de conformação corporal, orientação sexual, identidade de gênero, entre outros. Por essa razão, é preciso viabilizar ações articuladas entre educação e saúde para o diálogo e escuta a respeito do bullying na comunidade escolar, com vistas a seu enfrentamento, prevenção e proteção, almejando, sobretudo, o respeito e valorização das diferenças.

Abstract This article aims to understand, by using Photovoice, the representations of bulling among high school adolescents. This is a qualitative study, conducted with 54 adolescents from the public school system of the state of Paraná, organized into six focus groups. The data were collected using the Photovoice participatory technique and submitted to content analysis proposed by Bardin. Three categories emerged from the data analysis: "Esthetic, homophobic, and gender bullying: subversive strategies", "The harmful effects of bullying", and "Interdisciplinary dialogue as a strategy to prevent and combat bullying." With the results, it was possible to evidence that the practice of bullying happens from dissonances between aggressors and victims, with insults to the condition of body conformation, sexual orientation, gender identity, among others. For this reason, it is necessary to enable articulated actions between education and health for dialogue and listening about bullying in the school community, with a view to coping with it, prevent it, and protect against it, seeking above all the respect and appreciation of differences.

Prevalencia de infección tuberculosa latente e incidencia de viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares mayores de 5 años en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and incidence of tuberculin conversion among school contacts older than 5 years in the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. La tuberculosis continúa siendo un problema frecuente en contextos de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. El objetivo principal fue establecer la prevalencia de infección latente y viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares de casos de tuberculosis. Población y métodos. En un área programática del sur de la ciudad, se evaluó la prevalencia de infección y viraje tuberculínico de 691 niñas, niños y adolescentes utilizando la prueba cutánea de tuberculina. Se investigó la asociación entre pérdida de seguimiento por parte del equipo de salud y características demográficas, escolares y asistencia inicial, y se describió el grado de adherencia cuando la quimioprofilaxis con isoniacida fue indicada. Resultados. Según las definiciones consideradas, la prevalencia de infección latente fue entre el 3,4 % (IC95 %: 2,3-5,2) y el 11,6 % (IC95 %: 9,3-14,4) de los 610 contactos con al menos una prueba cutánea aplicada. La incidencia de viraje tuberculínico se encontró entre el 0,3 % y el 6,8 % de los 294 evaluados. La edad mayor de 18 años, la mayor prevalencia de necesidades básicas insatisfechas en la comuna escolar, la pertenencia al turno escolar vespertino, la negatividad en la baciloscopia del caso índice y la ausencia de aplicación de la prueba cutánea inicial se asociaron con pérdida de seguimiento del contacto. Conclusiones. La incidencia de viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares fue baja. La adherencia a isoniacida continúa siendo limitada. Se identificaron factores asociados con la pérdida de seguimiento de contactos que podrían orientar estrategias necesarias para mejorar este proceso.

Introduction. Tuberculosis continues to be a common problem in settings of socioeconomic vulnerability. Our primary objective was to establish the prevalence of latent infection and tuberculin conversion among school contacts of tuberculosis cases. Population and methods. In a programmatic area in the south of the City of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of latent infection and tuberculin conversion was assessed in 691 children and adolescents using the tuberculin skin test. The association between loss to follow-up by the health care team and the demographic, school, and baseline care characteristics was studied, and the level of adherence when isoniazid chemoprophylaxis was indicated was described. Results. According to established definitions, the prevalence of latent infection was between 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3­5.2) and 11.6% (95% CI: 9.3­14.4) in the 610 contacts with at least one skin test. The incidence of tuberculin conversion was between 0.3% and 6.8% in the 294 assessed participants. Age older than 18 years, a higher prevalence of unmet basic needs in the school district, attending the afternoon school shift, negative sputum smear results in the index case, and absence of baseline skin test were associated with contact lost to follow-up. Conclusions. The incidence of tuberculin conversion among school contacts was low. Adherence to isoniazid treatment remains limited. Factors associated with loss of contact tracing were identified, which may guide strategies necessary to improve this process.

Curso teórico online de primeiros socorros na escola: percepção dos professores da educação básica / In-school first aid online theoretical course: perception of basic education teachers

Introdução: Na escola os acidentes normalmente são testemunhados pelo professor, que é a figura responsável pelas crianças e adolescentes. Embora a literatura indique a relevância dos cursos em primeiros socorros, torna-se necessário entender a visão dos cursistas, como protagonistas do processo de aprendizagem, para adequar as ações formativas e as tecnologias utilizadas, uma vez que a educação em saúde pode reduzir drasticamente as taxas de lesões não intencionais. Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções dos professores de uma escola de educação básica privada a respeito do curso online de fundamentos teóricos de primeiros-socorros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e descritivo. O estudo foi realizado em um centro de educação básica privado do Sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de janeiro a março de 2022. A população de estudo foi constituída por dez professores, que realizaram o curso de extensão online ''Fundamentos teóricos de primeiros-socorros na escola''. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, mediada por tecnologia remota e a análise foi feita por meio da Análise Temática. Resultados: O trabalho interpretativo resultou em dois temas e um subtema respectivamente: ''Primeiros socorros como um novo objeto para os professores da educação básica''; ''Contribuições do curso online: novas aprendizagens em primeiros socorros''; ''A falta de aulas práticas como limite da estratégia de ensino''. Conclusão: O curso online despontou-se como recurso útil para capacitação de professores em primeiros socorros, amplia o conhecimento e abre um campo para reflexão sobre a segurança do ambiente escolar. Contudo, a ausência de conteúdo prático é apontada como um limite da estratégia, porque não oportuniza o desenvolvimento das habilidades psicomotoras.

Introducción: En la escuela, los accidentes suelen ser presenciados por la persona docente, quien es el responsable de la persona menor de edad. Aunque la literatura indica la relevancia de los cursos de primeros auxilios, es necesario comprender la visión de quienes participan del curso. Al ser protagonistas del proceso de aprendizaje, se deben adaptar las acciones de formación y las tecnologías utilizadas, ya que la educación en salud puede reducir drásticamente las tasas de lesiones no intencionales. Objetivo: Conocer las percepciones del cuerpo docente de una escuela privada de educación básica sobre el curso en línea de fundamentos teóricos de primeros auxilios. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo y descriptivo que se llevó a cabo en un centro privado de educación básica en el sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil. La recopilación de datos tuvo lugar de enero a marzo de 2022. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por diez docentes, que participaron del curso de extensión en línea ''Fundamentos teóricos de los primeros auxilios en la escuela''. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, mediada por tecnología remota y el análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante análisis temático. Resultados: El trabajo interpretativo resultó en dos temas y un subtema respectivamente: ''Los primeros auxilios como objeto nuevo para los docentes de educación básica'', ''Aportes del curso en línea: nuevos aprendizajes en primeros auxilios''y ''La falta de clases prácticas como límite de la estrategia docente''. Conclusión: El curso en línea surgió como un recurso útil para la capacitación de profesores en primeros auxilios, ampliando el conocimiento y abriendo un campo para la reflexión sobre la seguridad escolar. Sin embargo, la falta de contenido práctico se señala como una limitación de la estrategia, ya que no ofrece oportunidades para el desarrollo de habilidades psicomotoras.

Introduction: At school, accidents are often witnessed by the teacher, who is responsible for the children and adolescents. Although the literature indicates the relevance of first aid courses, it is necessary to understand the perceptions of course participants, as the protagonists in this learning process, to adapt the training actions and the technologies used, since health education can drastically reduce unintentional injury rates. Objective: To understand the teacher perceptions in a private elementary school regarding the online course on first aid theoretical fundamentals. Methods: This is a qualitative and descriptive study that was developed in a private elementary school in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. the data collection was from January to March 2022. The study population consisted of ten teachers, who participated in the online extension course ''Theoretical Fundamentals of first aid in schools''. The data collection was done through a semi-structured interview, mediated by remote technology, and the information was analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in two themes and a subtheme respectively: ''First aid as a new topic for elementary school teachers''; ''Contributions of the online course: new learning in first aid''and ''The lack of practical classes as a limitation of the teaching strategy''. Conclusion: The online course has emerged as a useful resource for training teachers in first aid, expanding knowledge, and disclosing a field for reflection on school safety. However, the lack of practical content is identified as a limitation of the strategy, as it does not provide opportunities for the development of psychomotor skills.

Programas de educação em saúde em escolas para adolescentes: revisão integrativa da literatura / Health education programs in schools for adolescents: an integrative literature review / Programas de educación en salud en escuelas para adolescentes: una revisión integrativa de la literatura

Introdução: Projetos de educação em saúde em escolas possibilitam a criação de oportunidades e transformação da realidade, em que os alunos tornam-se disseminadores do conhecimento para a comunidade. Objetivo: Analisar programas de educação em saúde para jovens em escolas, a fim de verificar o uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação como estratégias para as intervenções. Método: Foi realizada uma Revisão Integrativa da literatura. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Scopus e Embase, considerando os últimos 10 anos. Resultados: A amostra final contemplou 27 estudos. Diferentes tipos de estratégias e recursos foram utilizados, algumas envolvendo tecnologia de informação e comunicação, outras não. Dentre estes recursos, os mais utilizados foram projeção audiovisual presente em 13 artigos, e discussão e diálogo, presentes em 16 artigos. Em relação à avaliação dos programas, 26 artigos descreveram os resultados, em 23 casos os resultados foram positivos, e em três casos os resultados foram regulares. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que são inúmeras as estratégias e recursos utilizados no desenvolvimento de um projeto de educação em saúde eficaz. Nos estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil, houve predominância da utilização de recursos tecnológicos, como o uso de tutores eletrônicos para atividades à distância. (AU)

Introduction: Health education projects in schools create opportunities to transform reality, as students help spread knowledge to the community. Objective: To analyze health education programs for young people in schools, to verify the use of information and communication technology as intervention strategies. Method: An integrative review of the literature was conducted, searching articles in the PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Embase databases, considering the last 10 years. Results: The final sample had 27 studies. Various types of strategies and resources were used; some of them included information and communication technology, while others did not use them. The most used resources were audiovisual projection (present in 13 articles) and discussion and dialog (present in 16 articles). As for program assessment, 26 articles reported the results ­ which were positive in 23 and average in three of them. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that countless strategies and resources are used to develop effective health education projects. The use of technological resources (such as electronic tutors in remote activities) predominated in Brazilian studies. (AU)

Introducción: Los proyectos de educación para la salud en las escuelas permiten la creación de oportunidades y la transformación de la realidad, en la que los estudiantes se convierten en difusores del conocimiento a la comunidad. Objetivo: Analizar los programas de educación para la salud de los jóvenes en las escuelas, con el fin de verificar el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación como estrategias de intervención. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica integradora. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, Scopus y Embase, considerando los últimos 10 años. Resultados: La muestra final comprendía 27 estudios. Se utilizaron diferentes tipos de estrategias y recursos, algunos con tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, otros no. Entre estos recursos, los más utilizados fueron la proyección audiovisual, presente en 13 artículos, y el debate y el diálogo, presentes en 16 artículos. En cuanto a la evaluación de los programas, 26 artículos describieron los resultados, en 23 casos los resultados fueron positivos y en tres casos los resultados fueron regulares. Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que existen numerosas estrategias y recursos utilizados en el desarrollo de un proyecto de educación sanitaria eficaz. En los estudios desarrollados en Brasil, hubo un predominio del uso de recursos tecnológicos, como el uso de tutores electrónicos para las actividades a distancia. (AU)

From awareness to action: Effects of a school-based intervention on TV viewing behavior stages and screen time guidelines knowledge in Brazilian adolescents / Da conscientização à ação: Efeitos de uma intervenção escolar nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para assistir TV e no conhecimento das diretrizes de tempo de tela em adolescentes brasileiros

The aims of the study were to verify the effect of an intervention on the stage of behavior change for TV viewing and to identify the possible mediating role of knowledge on screen time guidelines among Brazilian students. This study is a multicomponent school-based intervention conducted with 727 students (54.3% female, 13 years; 427 in the intervention group and 300 in the control group). The intervention was performed in 2017 with baseline and post-intervention assessments (over one academic year). Teacher training was carried out at the beginning of the intervention along with en-vironmental improvements, while educational curriculum such as the delivery of folders and posters were performed throughout the year. The stages of behavior change for TV viewing and knowledge of screen time guidelines were measured by a self-reported questionnaire and the structural equation modeling approach was performed. The intervention had no significant effects on stages of behavior change for TV (p = 0.744) nor did it result in significant changes on knowledge of screen time guide-lines (p = 0.741). While there was no mediation between knowledge of screen time guidelines and the effect of the intervention on stages of behavior change for TV (95%CI: -0.45;0.63), an associa-tion was found between knowledge of screen time guidelines and stages of behavior change for TV (p<0.001). In conclusion, intervention had no significant effect on the stages of behavior change for TV and no mediating effect was observed. However, enhancing awareness on screen time guidelines may positively impact the adolescent's intention to reduce TV time

Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar o efeito de uma intervenção nos estágios de mudança de comporta-mento para assistir TV e identificar o papel mediador do conhecimento sobre as recomendações de tempo de tela. A intervenção multicomponente, randomizada e controlada obteve a participação de 727 alunos em 2017 (54,3% meninas, 13 anos; 427 no grupo intervenção e 300 no grupo controle). A formação dos pro-fessores foi realizada no início da intervenção juntamente com as melhorias ambientais, enquanto as ações educativas foram realizadas ao longo do ano. Os estágios de mudança de comportamento para assistir TV e o conhecimento sobre as recomendações do tempo de tela foram mensurados por questionário auto reportado, pré e pós-intervenção (um ano letivo). Para análise dos dados foi realizada uma modelagem de equações estru-turais. Não houve efeito da intervenção nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV (p = 0,744) e também não houve mudanças significativas no conhecimento dos estudantes sobre as recomendações do tempo de tela (p = 0,741). Embora não tenha havido mediação entre conhecimento das recomendações do tempo de tela e o efeito da intervenção nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV (IC95%: -0,45;0,63), foi encontrada associação entre o conhecimento das recomendações e os estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que a intervenção não teve efeito significativo nos estágios de mudança de comportamento para TV e efeito mediador. No entanto, aumentar a conscientização sobre as recomendações de tempo de tela pode impactar positivamente na intenção do adolescente de reduzir o tempo de TV

Programa Bom Começo para a saúde da criança: identificação populacional de perda da acuidade visual / Good Start Program for children's health: population identification of visual acuity loss / Programa Buen Comienzo para la salud infantil: identificación de la población de la pérdida de agudeza visual

Introdução: As triagens universais da saúde visual de escolares detêm grande relevância do ponto de vista da saúde pública, possibilitando uma intervenção precoce dos casos identificados com deficiência visual que coincide com o período em que o trabalho intensivo de escolarização se inicia. Objetivo: Apresentar dados epidemiológicos populacionais de perdas da acuidade visual de participantes do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, com amostragem populacional. Participaram alunos do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental (n=422; 8 a 12 anos de idade; M=8,6 anos±0,6; 52% meninas) de todas as escolas municipais de Nova Lima (MG). Utilizou-se o equipamento estereoscópico Keystone Vision para avaliar a acuidade visual para longe e perto, com apresentação binocular e monocular, com oclusão não compressiva de um olho. Resultados: De acordo com os critérios do Ministério da Saúde e da 10ª Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional das Doenças e Problemas relacionados à Saúde (CID-10), 31% dos participantes apresentaram perda visual para longe e 37% para perto, em um ou ambos os olhos. Já de acordo com a CID-11, 13% dos participantes apresentaram deficiência na acuidade visual para longe e 17% para perto. Foram encaminhados 9% dos participantes para avaliação oftalmológica. Conclusões: Identificou-se prevalência alta de alterações da saúde visual nos participantes, o que reforça a importância, do ponto de vista da saúde pública, de triagens universais da saúde visual de escolares. Os dados epidemiológicos descritivos gerados podem auxiliar gestores da saúde e educação em tomadas de decisão.

Introduction: Universal visual health screenings of schoolchildren are of great importance from a public health point of view, enabling early intervention in cases identified with visual deficiency, coinciding with the period in which intensive school work begins. Objective: To present population epidemiological data on visual acuity deficiency among participating third-grade students. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study, with population sampling. The students who participated were in the third grade at municipal elementary schools (n=422; 8 to 12 years old; M=8.6±0.6 years; 52% girls) in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Keystone Vision stereoscopic equipment was used to assess visual acuity for distance and near, with monocular and binocular testing, with non-compressive occlusion of one eye. Results: According to the criteria of the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the ICD-10, 31% of the participants had visual loss for distance and 37% for near, in one or both eyes. According to the ICD-11, 13% of the participants had impaired visual acuity for distance and 17% for near. Of these participants, 9% were referred for ophthalmological evaluation. Conclusions: A high prevalence of visual health alterations was identified in the participants, which reinforces the importance, from the public health point of view, of universal screening of the visual health of schoolchildren. These descriptive epidemiological data can help health and education professionals in decision-making.

Introducción: Los exámenes universales de salud visual de los escolares son de gran importancia desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, permitiendo una intervención temprana en los casos identificados con deficiencia visual, coincidiendo con el período en el que se inicia el trabajo escolar intensivo. Objetivo: presentar datos epidemiológicos de la población sobre la pérdida de agudeza visual entre los participantes del tercer año de la escuela primaria. Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con muestreo poblacional. Participaron estudiantes del tercer año de la Enseñanza Fundamental (n=422; 8 a 12 años; M=8,6 años±0,6; 52% niñas) de todas las Escuelas Municipales de Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se utilizó el equipo estereoscópico Keystone Vision para evaluar la agudeza visual de lejos y de cerca, con presentación monocular y binocular, con oclusión no compresiva de un ojo. Resultados: Según los criterios del Ministerio de Salud y la CIE-10, el 31% de los participantes presentó pérdida visual para lejos y el 37% para cerca, en uno o ambos ojos. Según la CIE-11, el 13% de los participantes presentaba alteración de la agudeza visual de lejos y el 17% de cerca. Fueron derivados para evaluación oftalmológica 9% de los participantes. Conclusiones: Se identificó una alta prevalencia de alteraciones de la salud visual en los participantes, lo que refuerza la importancia, desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, del tamizaje universal de la salud visual de los escolares. Los datos epidemiológicos descriptivos generados pueden ayudar a los gestores de salud y educación en la toma de decisiones.

A Study of the Epidemiology of Childhood Blindness and Plan of Action in Bihar

Vision Disorders are among the most common disabilities to affect children. Childhood Blindness is an important Public Health Problem due to inequalities in the Social and Economical conditions of Bihar State. Moreover it抯 a significant component of WHO vision 2020 program. By Public Health Interventions, the prevalence of cases of Childhood Blindness can be reduced. With this background, a study was done in assessment of the epidemiology of childhood blindness, with suggestions of plan of actions to reduce the prevalence of childhood Blindness which will lead to educational opportunities and improvement in mental and general health. This study had limitations due to average Health infrastructures and record keeping from PHC to Medical colleges. But at the same time, still a lot of timely Neonatal Eye Care Services and proper refraction strategies have helped in prevention of Childhood Blindness. In this study, the principals of epidemiology has been followed, as to finding the answers of 揥ho, Where and Why� regarding Childhood Blindness in Bihar. The current prevalence of blindness in children is known to be around 0.6%. Despite various intervention programs. This Public Health Problem a challenge both from epidemiology and care provider point of view.

Non-compliance for wearing spectacles: Prevalence and determinants in school-going children in South India

Purpose: To study the prevalence and determinants of compliance with spectacle wear among school?age children in South India who were given spectacles free of charge under a school vision screening program. Methods: A cross?sectional, descriptive study was performed. The participants were recruited from the school from Tirunelveli and Tuticorin districts of Tamil Nadu, where a school vision screening camp was conducted between January 2012 and October 2012. The school screening was performed under “Lavelle Pediatric Eye Care Project”. Of the 129,720 children examined of 249 schools, 4253 of children had refractive error and 3333 were prescribed and dispensed spectacles. A total of 683 children were interviewed, who were not wearing glasses on follow?up. Results: About 20% of the participants (683/3333) were not wearing their spectacles at examination. The most common reasons given for non?wear were lost (44.9%) or broken (35.3%) spectacles. There was no gender preference on compliance to spectacles. Conclusion: Compliance with spectacle wear is less even when spectacles are provided free of cost, particularly in children among the age group of 5–15 years. Because factors such as type of school, area (urban or rural), parent’s income, occupation, and their education were not significantly affecting the compliance of spectacle wear, proper encouragement and counseling of the parents and the child become extremely important.

Knowledge of elementary school teachers about first aid / Conocimientos de los profesores de enseñanza primaria sobre primeros auxilios / Conhecimentos de professores do ensino fundamental acerca de primeiros socorros

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the knowledge of elementary school teachers on urgency/emergency care in the school environment. Method: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical study. The study participants were 269 elementary school teachers - Cycle I, from 19 schools under the management of the Municipality of Marilia - SP. Data collection occurred in September 2021 and the instrument used was a questionnaire prepared in the digital platform Google Forms, divided into three sections: the first containing the informed consent and socioeconomic questions, followed by objective questions about previous experiences of the participants and simulated cases of emergency in the school environment. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS software (version 24.0), using the chi-square test for association of the proportion distribution with a significance level of 5%. Results: among the participants, 53.2% had already witnessed some emergency situation inside the school, in which 11.9% had acted safely. Less than half (42.7%) of the teachers had content about the subject during their graduation, and 68.8% reported never having received training on school accident prevention and first aid. Conclusion: based on the results, we identified that there is a need for teacher training regarding urgency and emergency situations related to the care of children in the school environment, thus trying to provide subsidies for coping with serious situations that may occur at school.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los conocimientos de los profesores de enseñanza primaria sobre la atención de urgencia/emergencia en un entorno escolar. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico. Participaron en este estudio 269 profesores de escuelas primarias - Ciclo I, de las 19 escuelas que están bajo la gestión del Municipio de Marilia, SP. La recolección de datos ocurrió en septiembre de 2021 y el instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario elaborado en la plataforma digital Google Forms, dividido en tres secciones: la primera conteniendo el consentimiento informado y preguntas socioeconómicas, seguida de preguntas objetivas sobre experiencias previas de los participantes y casos simulados de emergencia en el ambiente escolar. Los datos recogidos fueron analizados en el software SPSS (versión 24.0), realizándose la prueba de Chi-cuadrado para asociación de la distribución de proporciones con el nivel de significación adoptado del 5%. Resultados: entre los participantes, el 53,2% ya había presenciado alguna situación de emergencia dentro de la escuela, en la que el 11,9% había actuado con seguridad. Menos de la mitad (42,7%) de los profesores tuvieron contenidos sobre el tema durante la graduación, y el 68,8% declararon no haber recibido nunca formación sobre prevención de accidentes escolares y primeros auxilios. Conclusión: con base en los resultados, identificamos que existe la necesidad de capacitación de los profesores en relación a situaciones de emergencia y urgencia para el cuidado de los niños en el ambiente escolar, en el intento de proporcionar subsidios para el abordaje de situaciones graves que puedan ocurrir en la escuela.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento dos professores do ciclo fundamental I no atendimento de urgência/emergência em ambiente escolar. Método: trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, de caráter transversal, analítico. Participaram deste estudo 269 professores do ensino fundamental - Ciclo I, das 19 escolas que estão sob gestão do Município de Marília, SP. A coleta de dados ocorreu em setembro de 2021 e o instrumento utilizado foi um questionário elaborado na plataforma digital Google Forms, divido em três seções: a primeira contendo o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e questões de cunho socioeconômico, seguida de questões objetivas sobre vivências prévias dos participantes e casos simulados de urgência em ambiente escolar. Os dados coletados foram analisados no software SPSS (versão 24.0), sendo realizado o teste do Qui-quadrado para associação da distribuição da proporção com o nível de significância adotado de 5%. Resultados: entre os participantes, 53,2% já presenciaram alguma situação de urgência dentro da escola, em que 11,9% atuaram com segurança. Menos da metade (42,7%) dos professores tiveram conteúdo acerca do tema durante a graduação, e 68,8% relatam nunca terem recebido treinamentos sobre prevenção de acidentes escolares e primeiros socorros. Conclusão: mediante os resultados, identificamos que há necessidade de treinamentos para os professores no que se refere às situações de urgência emergência voltadas ao atendimento de crianças no ambiente escolar, procurando, desta forma, dar subsídios para o enfrentamento em situações consideradas graves que podem ocorrer na escola.

Analysis of the implementation of Food and Nutrition Education actions in public schools in a capital city in southern Brazil / Análise da implementação de ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional em escolas públicas municipais de uma capital da região do Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the insertion of Food and Nutrition Education actions in Early Childhood and Elementary Education units of the municipal public school system of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2019. Methods This analytical study applied an online questionnaire directed to the 125 Early Childhood and Elementary Education schools in Florianópolis. Results Ninety-four schools (75.2%) participated in the study, among which 94.7% developed Nutritional Food Education actions in 2019. It was made evident that the insertion of Nutritional Food Education in the Pedagogical Political Project (p<0.001) and the planning of such actions (p<0.001) in schools has a significant association with their implementation. The participation of the professionals in training in food and nutrition showed no association with the implementation of the Nutritional Food Education actions. The actions developed most frequently were the pedagogical activities in the school curriculum (95.5%), the school garden (71.9%), and the hands-on cooking classes (46.1%). Conclusion The study identified a positive panorama in the capital of Santa Catarina, with actions included transversally in the school curriculum with a multiprofessional focus standing out. However, the need for studies that monitor and evaluate the actions is emphasized.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a inserção de ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional em unidades de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental da rede pública municipal de Florianópolis, no ano de 2019. Métodos Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais de acordo com a dieta da mãe durante a gestação e lactação: grupo controle (NP: 17% caseína n=6) e grupo desnutrido (LP: 8% caseína n=6). Aos 60 dias de vida, os ratos foram sacrificados para coleta do hipotálamo para posterior análise bioquímica. Resultados Participaram do estudo 94 das 125 escolas de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental de Florianópolis (75,2%). Dessas, 94,7% desenvolveram ações de Educação Alimentar Nutricional no ano de 2019. Evidenciou-se que a inserção da Educação Alimentar Nutricional no Projeto Político Pedagógico (p<0,001) e o planejamento dessas ações (p<0,001) nas escolas têm associação significativa com a sua realização. A participação dos profissionais em formação sobre alimentação e nutrição não mostrou associação com a realização das ações de Educação Alimentar Nutricional. As ações desenvolvidas com mais frequência foram a inclusão de atividades pedagógicas no currículo escolar (95,5%), a horta pedagógica (71,9%) e as oficinas culinárias (46,1%). Conclusão O estudo identificou um panorama positivo na capital catarinense, com destaque para ações incluídas transversalmente no currículo escolar, com enfoque multiprofissional. Ressalta-se, no entanto, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estudos de monitoramento e avaliação das ações.

Conhecimento e percepção de autoeficácia e eficácia coletiva de professores sobre o Guia Alimentar / Knowledge and perception of self-efficacy and collective efficacy of teachers about the Food Guide

Introdução: No processo de educação em saúde para que o indivíduo mude seus hábitos de saúde, é necessário que tenha conhecimentos, apresente crenças de autoeficácia positivas e compartilhe a eficácia coletiva. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção de autoeficácia e eficácia coletiva de professores sobre o Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Método: Realizou-se estudo transversal no período de dezembro de 2019 a dezembro de 2020. A população do estudo foi composta por 1.491 professores da Educação Básica da rede pública municipal de ensino de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Para a amostra, estimou-se o tamanho mínimo de 511 professores e foi utilizado um questionário on-line para coleta de dados. Quanto a avaliação do conhecimento, percepção de autoeficácia e eficácia coletivados professores sobre o Guia Alimentar, utilizaram-se escalas autoadministradas e previamente validadas. Os dados coletados foram categorizados e processados eletronicamente através do software Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 22.0. Resultados: Na análise do desempenho dos professores quanto ao Guia Alimentar, observou-se que 79,7% (474) dos profissionais apresentaram baixo conhecimento; 70,4% (419), baixa autoeficácia; e 69,1% (411), baixa eficácia coletiva. O alto conhecimento entre os docentes foi associado à maior renda percapita (p= 0,004). A alta autoeficácia foi associada ao maior grau de escolaridade (p= 0,031). A alta autoeficácia coletiva foi associada às variáveis renda (p=0,035) e escolaridade (p=0,004). Conclusão: Os professores do presente estudo demonstraram baixo conhecimento e baixa percepção de autoeficácia e eficácia coletiva sobre o Guia Alimentar.

Introduction: In the process of health education to change the individual's health habits, they need to have knowledge, present positive self-efficacy beliefs and share collective efficacy. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and perception of self-efficacy and collective efficacy of teachers about the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to December 2020. The study population consisted of 1,491 Basic Education teachers from the municipal public school system of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. For the sample, the minimum size of 511 teachers was estimated and an online questionnaire was used to collect data. As for the evaluation of knowledge, perception of self-efficacy and collective efficacy of teachers about the Food Guide, self-administered and previously validated scales were used. The data collected were categorized and processed electronically through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 22.0. Results: In the analysis of teachers' performance regarding the Food Guide, 79.7% (474) of the professionals had low knowledge; 70.4% (419), low self-efficacy; and 69.1% (411), low collective efficacy. High knowledge among teachers was associated with higher per capita income (p = 0.004). High self-efficacy was associated with higher educational level (p = 0.031). High collective self-efficacy was associated with the variables income (p=0.035) and schooling (p=0.004). Conclusion: The teachers of this study showed low knowledge and low perception of self-efficacy and collective efficacy about the Food Guide.

Promoting digital technology to enable new opportunities for universal mental health services in schools / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#In rescent years, schools are confronting continued mental health needs of children and adolescents. The person centered school mental health service model is impossible to meet current and future increasingly public health problems. Under the framework of the "whole School, whole Community, whole Child" (WSCC) theory and the concept of health promoting schools proposed by the World Health Organization, the editorial proposes to integrate universal mental health services into essential public health services in school, as well as to build a digital school mental health service platform to enable new opportunities for universal mental health services in schools.

School-based physical activity-related health services and their health benefits within the World Health Organization health-promoting school framework: a systematic review of systematic reviews / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo systematically review the types of health-promoting school (HPS) curriculum and physical activity-related health services based on the WHO-HPS framework, and their impact on health of children and adolescents. MethodsThe databases of EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI were searched on school-based physical activity-related services and their health benefits based on the WHO-HPS framework from 2017 to June, 2023. A systematic review of systematic reviews was conducted. ResultsA total of seven English articles were included, covering 147 studies from five countries including Switzerland, the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom and Sweden. The systematic reviews were published in the journals related to child physical education and health, HPS, and school-based physical activity. Based on the WHO-HPS framework, HPS curriculum implemented in schools primarily involved physical education classes (such as incorporating specialized sports programs like yoga and dance, increasing physical activity time) and health education programs related to physical activity. Additional activities included extracurricular programs (such as implementing children's sports, recreational and leisure programs, lunchtime enjoyment activities, and game plans, increasing physical activity time within regular school hours, creating opportunities for physical activity during breaks and after school, and providing daily physical activity plans) and integration of physical activity in other subjects. Physical activity-related health services mainly included health screening and monitoring related to physical activity, adolescent health management, and health promotion activities. The health benefits of the interventions included improvement in aerobic capacity, body mass index, cardiorespiratory function, overall physical health, and significant increases in muscle endurance and strength. They also contributed to the cessation or reduction of prolonged sedentary behavior, increased levels of all-day physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, increased physical activity participation, significant increases in physical activity during school hours, increased proportion of moderate to vigorous physical activity during school time, increased physical activity time, improved leisure and recreational time related to physical activity, enhanced vitality, school quality of life, and energy, improved academic performance, reduced television viewing time, decreased obesity risk, reduced anxiety, improved adaptability and happiness, and promoted positive mental health. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in students' health-related knowledge on physical activity. ConclusionImplementing HPS curriculum and physical activity-related services in schools may improve various aspects of students' health, including physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior, behavioral health related to physical activity, and health literacy related to physical activity.

Public health emergency response capacity in primary and secondary schools / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the public health emergency response capacity in primary and secondary schools, and to explore the problems and challenges in the prevention and control of public health emergency in primary and secondary schools for specific strategies.@*Methods@#By using the stratified group sampling method, a questionnaire survey on general situation, knowledge, attitude and training, as well as public health emergencies response capacity among 2 988 teachers or leaders responsible for school emergency response in primary and secondary schools from Beijing, Chongqing and Yunnan.@*Results@#Participants varied on their positions, titles, educational background and knowledge accuracy. Higher knowledge accuracy was associated with higher educational background ( χ 2=50.73-203.36, P < 0.05 ). The implementation of regular public health emergency related programs was poorly conducted in high schools (50.0%). Urban schools (42.0%) had higher proportion of qualified health care professionals than rural schools (18.2%), and private schools (48.5%) was higher than public schools (24.7%). The primary challenges included the shortage of guidance from professionals and the lack of related testing equipment (84.91%, 74.03%).@*Conclusion@#Although the ability of emergency handling of public health emergencies in schools in the three regions is advancing with the times, there are still many deficiencies, some omissions in the mastery of knowledge. It is suggested to inerease pre service and special training of school health work CDC should strengthen technical guidance and work supervision of infectious disease management in schools.

Trajectory of the development of caries in the permanent dentition of 12- to 16-year-old students based on a latent class growth model analysis in Liuyang / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@# To explore the trajectory of the development of permanent caries in 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang and to provide a reference for the prevention and management of caries.@*Methods@#Primary and secondary school students who were registered within the Liuyang jurisdiction were screened for caries from September to November by the Liuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 7 297 students between the ages of 12 and 16 years with complete permanent dentition caries monitoring records and traceable deciduous dentition caries monitoring records were selected from 2013 to 2019, and a zero-inflated negative binomial-latent class growth model (ZINB-LCGM) was established to describe the trajectory of the development of individual caries using the decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) indicators. @*Results@# DMFT of 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang were mainly decayed teeth (DT), with the majority occurring in the first permanent molar. According to the ZINB-LCGM model, the students were classified into three latent categories, "slow growth pattern" (28.55%), "rapid growth pattern" (6.59%), and "stable pattern" (64.86%), which followed different nonlinear caries growth trajectories. Females with deciduous teeth caries were more likely to have trajectories showing a “rapid growth pattern” and a “slow growth pattern”. There were significant differences in the trajectories between men and women, as well as between those with and without primary dentition caries. @*Conclusion @# The trajectory of the development of caries in 12-16-year-old students shows heterogeneity in terms of different developmental patterns of latent categories, suggesting that females with deciduous dental caries should receive more attention.

Surveillance and control of infectious disease in primary and middle schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the infectious disease prevention and control among primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 and to provide a scientific basis for promoting epidemic prevention and control in schools.@*Methods@#Relevant indicators of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools were collected and screened from the on site supervision and inspection data uploaded from various places, and analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software.@*Results@#The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 were 77.11%, 89.74% and 96.24%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=455.45, P <0.01). The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary schools, middle schools and high schools from 2019 to 2021 increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=319.49, 118.74, 25.73, P <0.05). The qualified rates of six infectious disease prevention and control indicators such as morning inspection record, special person responsible for epidemic report, registration record of absence due to illness increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=140.34, 9.10, 113.55 , 163.71 , 286.74, 329.18, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Steady improvement in school infectious disease prevention and control has been observed, while qualification rate in primary school and rural area still need to be improved, with missing or late report. Government support and talent policy, hardware and sofeware construction, as management level should be strengthened.

Coincidence rate of adjustable and non adjustable desks and chairs in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the coincidence rate of adjustable and non adjustable desks and chairs in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for the effective management of desks and chairs in schools.@*Methods@#Stratified random cluster sampling was applied to measure 1 091 sets of desks and chairs in 33 classrooms of 7 primary and secondary schools in 4 districts of Shanghai including Huangpu, Hongkou, Yangpu and Jiading districts. The height examination data of seated students in the same semester were also collected to evaluate the matching type of functional size of desks and chairs and students height according to Functional Sizes and Technical Requirements of Chairs and Tables for Educational Institutions.@*Results@#The matching coincidence rate of desk and chair distribution in primary and secondary schools was 22.5%, and the matching coincidence rates of primary, middle and high schools were 11.7%, 27.1% and 40.9% respectively ( χ 2=83.23, P <0.01); the matching coincidence rate of adjustable desks and chairs (28.2%) was significantly higher than that of fixed (18.2%) ( χ 2=14.49, P <0.01). The type of distribution of desks and chairs that do not correspond to national standards, from elementary school to high school, showing a trend of high desks with high chairs, low desks with high chairs to high desks with low chairs.@*Conclusion@#The coincidence rate of desk and chair distribution in primary and secondary schools is low, and the adjustable desks and chairs has improved the problems to a certain extent, but has not significantly improved the coincidence rate. It is necessary to further explore the effective management mode in the use of adjustable desks and chairs and improve the current situation of the use of desks and chairs in schools.

Barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence based mental health practice in primary schools / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the facilitators and barriers of the implementation of evidence based mental health practice, in order to provide practical experience for promoting the development of evidence based mental health services in primary schools in China.@*Methods@#Semi structured interviews were conducted with 4 education bureau managers, 8 school administrators, 7 classroom teachers, and 7 treatment providers after providing evidence based practice in 10 primary schools in Henan Province, China. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.@*Results@#Evidence based practice in primary schools faced multiple factors at the macro level, school level, and individual level. A total of 8 facilitators and 9 barriers were extracted. Among these factors, some factors were particularly striking. These included the "exclusion" of teacher title evaluation system, time conflict between practice and school schedule, stigmatization of mental health and mismatch between perceived effectiveness of services and expectations.@*Conclusion@#Evidence based mental health practice is feasible in Chinese schools. The implementation process needs to take full account of macro, school and individual multi level factors to move evidence based mental health services from theory and data to practice in China.

Programa Escolas Promotoras de Saúde: processo inicial de implementação em Belo Horizonte/MG / Health Promoting School: initial implementation process in Belo Horizonte/MG/Brazil

O programa Escolas Promotoras de Saúde (EPS) permite que estudantes tenham acesso às ações de promoção da saúde, experimentando melhoria na qualidade de vida e no rendimento escolar. Entretanto, poucos países implementaram o programa em larga escala com sucesso. Também são poucos os estudos que têm abordado desafios na implementação de EPS e estratégias para superá-los. Este estudo é fruto do projeto conjunto da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e das Secretarias de Saúde e Educação de Belo Horizonte (BH) para implementar o programa EPS proposto pela Iniciativa para uma Saúde Acessível (PEPS-ISA), em comunidades socialmente vulneráveis. O PEPS-ISA pauta-se na Carta de Ottawa e na Pesquisa de Implementação (PI) e propõe cuidados odontológicos, dentre outras intervenções. Esta tese teve como objetivo avaliar o processo inicial de implementação do PEPS-ISA em escolas de BH e foi elaborada em 2 etapas. A primeira compreendeu uma pesquisa qualitativa para avaliar a aceitabilidade, adoção, adequação e viabilidade do PEPS-ISA. Para tanto, realizouse análise do conteúdo de 10 registros de reuniões realizadas pela Comissão de Implementação (CI), composta por representantes de diferentes setores (universidade, secretarias de saúde e educação, escolas e centros de saúde), e de 5 entrevistas com integrantes de cada um dos setores, presentes nas reuniões. Os participantes demonstraram que aceitam e têm intenção de contribuir para implementação do PEPS-ISA, por entenderem que o modelo é simples e adequado às escolas, tendo como facilitadores: planejamento conjunto, trabalho intersetorial e articulação com políticas e ações existentes. Eles acreditam que o programa é viável, desde que barreiras como engajamento dos pais e escassez de recursos, de financiamento e de tempo sejam superadas. A segunda etapa compreendeu uma revisão de escopo para mapear e sintetizar a literatura acerca de PI que avaliaram custo de intervenções de promoção da saúde em escolas fundamentais. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases: LILACS, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Eric, e na literatura cinzenta (Google Acadêmico), em janeiro de 2022, empregando-se filtros para data e idioma de publicação. Foram selecionados 492 artigos, dos quais 11 atenderam critérios de elegibilidade. Como os estudos envolveram intervenções de diferentes áreas da promoção da saúde, não foi possível fazer comparações sobre custos e efeitos. Os resultados, no entanto, permitiram identificar que apesar do custo ser amplamente referido como barreira para implementação de intervenções escolares de saúde, ainda são poucas as PI sobre a temática. O relato das avaliações econômicas carece de atenção, visto que deixaram de reportar dados relevantes, como perspectiva analítica, métodos de mensuração dos custos e tratamento da incerteza. Como desdobramento desta tese, decidiu-se realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura (em curso) relativa aos componentes de custo de programas de promoção da saúde bucal em escolas, para instrumentalizar a análise de custo dos cuidados odontológicos propostos pelo PEPS-ISA. Espera-se que os achados desta tese contribuam para melhorias no processo de implementação do programa, em sua totalidade, nas escolas envolvidas, além de incentivar e apoiar a expansão para outras escolas, tanto de BH como de outras localidades.

The Health Promoting Schools (HPS) program aims to provide students with access to health promotion actions, leading to improvements in their quality of life and school performance. However, the implementation of the program on a large scale has been successful in only a few countries. Additionally, there is a scarcity of studies addressing the challenges of HPS implementation and strategies to overcome them. This thesis evaluates the initial implementation process of the HPS model proposed by the Affordable Health Initiative (AHI) in schools attending socially vulnerable communities, in Belo Horizonte (BH). The AHI HPS model is based on the Ottawa Charter and Implementation Research (IR) and includes dental care among its interventions. The first stage of this thesis involved qualitative research to assess the acceptability, adoption, sustainability, and feasibility of the AHI HPS model. Content analysis was conducted on 10 records of meetings held by the Implementation Committee (IC). Additionally, five interviews were conducted with key informants who attended the meetings. The participants expressed acceptance and willingness to contribute to the implementation of the model, recognizing its simplicity and suitability for schools. Facilitating factors included joint planning, intersectoral collaboration, and alignment with existing policies and actions. However, barriers such as parental engagement, limited resources, funding, and time constraints were acknowledged, which must be addressed for successful implementation. The second stage comprised a scoping review to map and synthesize the literature on implementation research that assessed the cost of health-promoting interventions in elementary schools. The searches were conducted in the databases: LILACS, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Eric, and in gray literature (Google Scholar), in January 2022, using filters for publication date and language. A total of 492 articles were selected, and 11 met the eligibility criteria. As the studies involved interventions from different health promotion areas, it was impossible to compare costs and effects. The results pointed out that despite the cost being widely referred to as a barrier to implementing school health interventions, there are still few studies on the subject. The reporting of economic evaluations requires attention as they failed to report data, such as the analytical perspective, methods of measuring costs, and treatment of uncertainty. As a result of this thesis, it was decided to conduct an ongoing systematic review of the literature on the cost components of school-based oral health-promoting programs to provide tools for the cost analysis of dental care proposed by the AHI HPS model. It is expected that the findings of this thesis will contribute to improvements in the implementation process of the program in the participating schools, and encourage and support its expansion to others.

Proceso de atención de enfermería para un retorno seguro a las escuelas posterior al covid-19 -análisis de caso comunitario / Nursing care process for a safe return to schools post-covid-19

La COVID-19 provocó el cierre de las escuelas, y trasladó las actividades a los entornos virtuales por casi dos años. Posteriormente, los gobiernos otorgaron a las instituciones educativas, planes de retorno seguro a las actividades escolares para mejorar una transición a la presencialidad de la comunidad escolar y mantener a un mínimo los casos nuevos de la COVID-19. El profesional de enfermería, a través del Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE), posee las herramientas y conocimientos necesarios para operativizar estos lineamientos e implementarlos de forma efectiva en las comunidades escolares. Objetivo: Implementar el PAE para facilitar el retorno seguro a las actividades escolares en una escuela primaria de México. Metodología: Estudio de caso comunitario con PAE, implementado en una escuela primaria pública de México. Para la valoración se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas y de participación comunitaria (entrevistas, cartografía social, etc) y para el proceso diagnóstico, resultados e intervenciones se utilizó la taxonomía NANDA 2021-2023, Clasificación de Resultados NOC y Clasificación de Intervenciones NIC. Resultados: Se trabajó en torno a un diagnóstico, un resultado y dos intervenciones sobre la participación comunitaria en programas educativos y de comunicación en salud, así como la disminución de las conductas de riesgo para la salud en la comunidad. Conclusiones: El PAE permitió mejorar las conductas promotoras de la salud en torno al uso de cubrebocas, sana distancia y lavado de manos en la comunidad. Se elaboraron materiales de comunicación en salud como técnica de refuerzo de los hábitos aprendidos[AU]

COVID-19 caused the closure of schools, moving activities to virtual environments for almost two years. Subsequently, governments give educational institutions plans for the safe return to school activities to improve a transition to face-to-face attendance for the school community and keep new cases of COVID-19 to a minimum. Te nursing professional, through the Nursing Care Process (NCP), has the necessary tools and knowledge to operationalize these guidelines and implement them effectively in school communities. Objective: To facilitate a safe return to school activities in a primary school in Mexico. Methodology: A community case study with NCP, establishing the community of a primary school as a patient, for the assessment qualitative techniques and community participation were used and for the diagnostic process, results, and interventions the NANDA 2021-2023 taxonomy was used, Classifcation of NOC Results and classifcation of NIC Interventions. Results: Work was carried out around a diagnosis, a result, and two interventions on community participation in educational and health communication programs, as well as the reduction of risk behaviors for health in the community. Conclusions: Te NCP made it possible to improve health-promoting behaviors around the use of face masks, healthy distance, and hand washing in the community. By considering the assessment of different actors, health communication materials were made as a technique to reinforce learned habits[AU]

A COVID-19 provocou o fechamento de escolas, deslocando as atividades para ambientes virtuais por quase dois anos. Posteriormente, os governos concedem às instituições de ensino planos para o retorno seguro às atividades escolares para melhorar a transição para o atendimento presencial para a comunidade escolar e reduzir ao mínimo os novos casos de COVID-19. O profssional de enfermagem, por meio do Processo de Cuidar de Enfermagem (PCE), possui as ferramentas e conhecimentos necessários para operacionalizar essas diretrizes e implementá- las efetivamente nas comunidades escolares. Objetivo: Facilitar o retorno seguro às atividades escolares em uma escola primária no México. Metodologia: Estudo de caso comunitário com PCE, estabelecendo a comunidade de uma escola primária como paciente, para a avaliação foram utilizadas técnicas qualitativas e participação da comunidade e para o processo diagnóstico, resultados e intervenções foi utilizada a taxonomia NANDA 2021-2023, Classifcação da NOC Resultados e classifcação das intervenções NIC. Resultados: Trabalhou-se em torno de um diagnóstico, um resultado e duas intervenções sobre a participação da comunidade em programas educativos e de comunicação em saúde, bem como a redução de comportamentos de risco para a saúde na comunidade. Conclusões: O PCE possibilitou melhorar os comportamentos de promoção da saúde em torno do uso de máscaras faciais, distanciamento saudável e lavagem das mãos na comunidade. Tendo em conta a avaliação dos diferentes atores, foram elaborados materiais de comunicação em saúde como técnica para reforçar os hábitos aprendidos[AU]